Which situation necessitates a referee to call technical fouls related to bench conduct?

A technical foul related to bench conduct is primarily concerned with the behavior of coaches, players who are not currently participating in the game, and team personnel. This can include actions that are disrespectful, unsportsmanlike, or in violation of the rules governing team conduct.

When substitutes or coaches violate rules of sportsmanship, such as using inappropriate language, inappropriate gestures, or showing excessive dissent towards the officials' decisions, it becomes necessary for a referee to intervene by calling a technical foul. This maintains the integrity of the game and ensures that the conduct on the bench aligns with the principles of good sportsmanship.

In other situations listed, such as a player tripping another player or when the game clock runs out, these scenarios typically involve physical play or game mechanics rather than the conduct of bench personnel, and would be addressed differently in the context of fouls or game timing rules. While a player fouling out is a significant event in the game, it pertains to the actions of a player on the court rather than the bench's behavior. Thus, only violations of sportsmanship by bench personnel directly lead to the necessity of calling a technical foul.